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''Volvopluteus earlei'' is a species of mushroom in the family Pluteaceae. It was originally described in 1911 by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill as ''Volvariopsis earlei'', based on collections made in a Cuban banana field. The fungus was later shuffled to the genera ''Volvaria'' and ''Volvariella'' before molecular studies placed it in ''Volvopluteus'', a genus newly described in 2011. The cap of ''Volvopluteus earlei'' is typically between in diameter, white, and is markedly viscid when fresh. The gills start out as white but they soon turn pink. The stipe is white and measures long and wide. It has a smooth, white, sac-like volva at its base. The cap produces a pinkish-brown spore print made of individual elliptical spores measuring up to 11 micrometers long. A saprotrophic fungus that grows on grassy fields, ''V. earlei'' has been reported from Africa, Europe, and North America. Microscopic features and DNA sequence data are of great importance for separating this taxon from related species. ''V. earlei'' can be distinguished from the three other ''Volvariella'' by differences in the size of the fruit bodies, cap color, spore size, and the presence or absence and form of cystidia. == Taxonomy == This species was originally described by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1911 based on three collections made by his colleague Franklin Sumner Earle in Santiago de las vegas (Cuba) a few years earlier.〔 It was originally described by Murrill in the genus ''Volvariopsis'', created in the same publication, because at that time there was considerable confusion about which generic name was more appropriate for the mushrooms traditionally classified in the genus ''Volvariella''. At the time of Murrill's proposal most species in this group were classified in the genus ''Volvaria'' erected by Paul Kummer in 1871,〔 but mycologists realized that the name ''Volvaria'' was already taken as it had been coined by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle for a genus of lichens in 1805.〔 A year later Murrill transferred his species of ''Volvariopsis'' to the genus ''Volvaria'', citing practical concerns about usage of names for non-taxonomists: "A number of species of gill-fungi described by me from tropical America in Mycologia, 1911–1912, under genera not found in Saccardo's ''Sylloge'', are here recombined for the benefit of those having or using herbaria arranged according to this work. Collectors, pathologists, and others who may not be intimately acquainted with taxonomic methods will probably find it more convenient to follow the one system until a comprehensive revison is completed, at least for some important groups".〔〔 }} }} |caption=Phylogenetic relationships between ''Volvopluteus earlei'' and related species as inferred from ITS data.〔 }} Ultimately, neither ''Volvaria'' nor ''Volvariopsis'' would be used as the correct name for this group. The generic name ''Volvariella'', proposed by the Argentinean mycologist Carlos Luis Spegazzini in 1899,〔 would be adopted for this group in 1953 after a proposal to conserve Kummer’s ''Volvaria'' against De Candolle’s ''Volvaria'' was rejected by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi〔 established under the principles of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. The combination ''Volvariella earlei'' would be made by Robert L. Shaffer, who authored the first comprehensive monographic revision of ''Volvariella'' in North America in 1957. The phylogenetic study of Alfredo Justo and colleagues showed that ''Volvariella earlei'' is closely related to ''Volvariella gloiocephala'' and that this group of species constitutes a separate lineage from the majority of the species traditionally classified in ''Volvariella''. Therefore, this taxon was transferred to the newly proposed genus ''Volvopluteus''.〔 The specific epithet ''earlei'' comes from the surname of Franklin Sumner Earle, the collector of the original samples, to whom Murrill dedicated the species. The original specimens of this species are still preserved at the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Volvopluteus earlei」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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